Skyrora reveal new UK-built vehicle in live test
On 23rd December 2020 the Skyrora test and flight operations team performed one of their most important test campaigns to date, a full upper stage static fire test, at their engine development complex in Fife, Scotland.
Image courtesy Skyrora
This historic event represents yet another significant milestone in the Edinburgh-based rocket manufacturer’s development plan. In fact, it is a crucial milestone for the entire UK space industry.
The company unveiled their latest technical accomplishment with a full mission duration static fire test (450 second burn over three firings) of the upper stage of their orbital-class vehicle, Skyrora XL. The test involved a fully-integrated setup of the engine, feed systems, avionics, and the software.
This third stage vehicle has capabilities way beyond just transporting its payload into orbit. It is a full mission-ready Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) that can perform a number of in-space missions once it has delivered its payload including the replacement of redundant satellites or even the removal of space debris.
Skyrora CEO, Volodymyr Levykin, said; “Our goal was always to be mission ready once all the regulations and permissions were in place, and this development not only brings us closer to that point but also takes us beyond simply launch readiness. We have been deliberately quiet about this aspect of our Skyrora XL launch vehicle as we had technical challenges to get it to this stage and we wanted to ensure all tests had a satisfactory outcome, which they now have.
With the current climate and a real shortage of good news, we feel it is the right time to share this with the world.
It’s important to show that even in these challenging times we are still a nation that continues to innovate and take the lead in some of our most lofty ambitions.
We aim not only to conduct efficient launches from UK soil in the most environmentally friendly way, but ensure that each single launch mission has the possibility of conducting the level of work that would have historically taken multiple launches. With this approach we enter a whole new level of efficiency with full consideration of environmental impact taken into account”.
This level of functionality comes into its own when we look at the growing number of large constellations entering orbit. With OneWeb looking to launch over 600 smallsats as part of their internet connectivity mission and SpaceX looking to build a Starlink constellation of 42,000 satellites, there will be as much demand for in-space operations as there will be for launch services. The Skyrora third stage OTV will fulfil that demand while also conducting maiden launch flights.
To date the company has executed a rigorous series of engine tests, but this latest exercise involved a fully-integrated setup of the engine, the flight-weight structure and feed systems, flight-grade avionics and the full flight computer software which will be used in the first flight of Skyrora XL. The test was not only a verification of the engine and fluid systems, but of the flight software and vehicle structure, as the vehicle performed a full set of engine burns and vehicle manoeuvres that simulate the flight of the upper stage in orbit above Earth.
This test is key, not only for the development of the vehicle, but in verifying the readiness of the operations team in full-scale test operations, the manufacturing teams in their ability to produce flight-grade vehicles and is the final checkpoint prior to flight readiness of the stage. Passing this test puts Skyrora one step closer to the completion of their Skyrora XL vehicle.
Skyrora Head of Engineering, Dr Jack James Marlow commented on the milestone: “We had the aim of testing the third stage in 2020 as per our technological plan. Last year we faced many risks to our plan, but the team has worked tirelessly and as one to get this done. Despite global challenges, we have completed every milestone we had set out to achieve this year. This puts us in a great position to start 2021 and expand our operations with increased manufacturing, vehicle launches and more Skyrora XL stage testing”.
“The vehicle has the ability to refire its engine several times and conduct multiple missions during one trip, making missions highly configurable and suitable for a wide envelope of customer requests and flight plans.
“The Skyrora upper stage is a historic first not just for the company, but for the UK Space industry, as it is the first “mission ready” vehicle of its kind to be developed in the country.”
Tim Peake, Astronaut, commented: “It's fantastic that companies such as Skyrora are persisting in their ambition to make the UK a “launch state”. By driving forward and constantly investing into their engineering capabilities, the UK continues to benefit from these impressive milestones achieved.
“In undertaking a full fire test of their third stage, which fulfils the function of an Orbital Manoeuvring Vehicle capable of delivering satellites into precision orbits, Skyrora is one step closer to launch readiness.
“This vehicle will also be able to perform vital services such as satellite removal, refuelling and replacement and debris removal from orbit. Taking such an idea from design right through to manufacture and flight ready status is a first not only for the UK, but also for Europe and the World.”
Ivan McKee, Minister for Trade, Innovation and Investment in the Scottish Parliament said: “It has been great to watch Skyrora develop over the course of what has been a very challenging year and I am delighted to see it is going from strength-to-strength and continues to be a showcase for what the Scottish space industry has to offer the world.
“This is another significant step forward to the realisation of space launch from Scotland and our aim to secure a £4 billion slice of the global space market by 2030 - an ambitious but realistic target.
“The Scottish space sector has a unique selling point - using space as a force for good, designing lighter, more efficient rockets, developing clean burning and renewable fuels and using satellite data to combat climate change and promote scientific discovery.”
Space Tug
Back in the mid-1980s, several studies were done into the development of an Orbital Manoeuvring Vehicle (OMV) with the primary function of removing satellites out of orbit. The idea was further developed as Russia started developing its “Parom” spacecraft. The idea gained little traction due to the limited numbers of launches at the time, but the appetite for such a vehicle has been gaining strength in recent times, as only in 2018 did such a vehicle enter space when Spaceflight Inc. launched the Sherpa OMV onboard a Falcon 9 rocket.
Further to this, in October 2019 a US consortium headed up by Northrop Grumman launched their “Mission Extension Vehicle” into orbit from Kazakhstan which then repositioned an existing satellite into a new orbit extending its mission length by another four years. The mission was followed in August 2020, when the consortium performed a similar manoeuvre with a second vehicle. Since then, a small number of companies including Airbus and Momentus Space have worked on developing in-space manoeuvring vehicles, but are very much at the early stages.
In-Space Taxi Service
The Skyrora upper stage, once in orbit, can navigate to a wide variety of possible orbits, with the ability to make multiple stops and perform a number of functions during its journey.
Whilst a lot of the space news across the UK has focussed on the country’s move into providing launch services, which would mostly deploy satellites into fixed orbits, very little has been done to develop in-space manoeuvres, and certainly nothing of this scale or functionality. This development represents a paradigm shift in in-orbit operations. Having a last-mile orbital delivery service, which can drop off numerous satellites into various orbits, move satellites from one orbit to another or perform a variety of maintenance tasks, is revolutionary to the UK/EU Space Industry.
One of the possible objectives of the Upper Stage would be to tackle the issue of space junk by removing redundant space objects from orbit. There are around 34,000 objects above 10cm in size in Earth’s orbit that would be considered space junk - 3,000 of which are redundant satellites. Moving at around 10km/s, these objects could produce debilitating damage to operational satellites or even the International Space Station.
And as we see increasing numbers of constellations being placed into orbit, with the likes of OneWeb and SpaceX planning on sending thousands of satellites up, then as those numbers grow, so does the demand for a vehicle that can make multiple stops and functions in space without the need for multiple launches.
Minimising impact on the environment
This sort of vehicle is a crucial development in Skyrora’s aim to maximise the UK’s space activities, giving the country the ability to remove space junk, launch earth monitoring satellites and maintain existing in-orbit satellites, with a minimum number of launches. With several missions being achieved by one single rocket launch, Skyrora optimise each launch while minimising any impact on the local environment. This is coupled with the use of eco-friendly fuel, Ecosene, powering the vehicle to ensure the UK has the most environmentally friendly space industry in the world.
The Vehicle
The Skyrora XL upper stage is powered by a 3D printed 3.5kN liquid engine with multiple ignition capability. Orientation control is provided by engine gimballing and cold gas thrusters. The main structure and tanks are manufactured from carbon fibre making it extremely light and therefore reducing the quantity of fuel required during its journey.